,aw;iff;Fk;
kdpjDf;Fkhd ,iaG goe;jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fspy; gy;NtW Kiwfspy; ntspg;gLfpd;wJ.
njhy;fhg;gpau; ghLnghUs; gpd;dzpahff; fUg;nghUs; nfhz;L GidjYf;F tpjp tFg;gu;.
gpd;du; vOe;j rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; Cu;> fUg;nghUshfg; GidT ngWfpwJ. ,k;kugpd;
tpuptha;f; fhg;gpaq;fspy; Ciug; Gidjy;
xU cl;$whf –
fhg;gpa kughf - mike;J fhzg;ngWfpwJ. ,t;T+u;g; GidT Kiw ,ul;ilf; fhg;gpaq;fshd
rpyg;gjpfhuk;> kzpNkfiyapy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s ghq;fpid ,t;tha;Tf; fl;Liu tpsf;f
Kw;gLfpwJ.
rq;f
,yf;fpaj;jpy; mfk;>Gwk; vd;Dk; ,U ifNfhspYk; Cu; vd;Dk; fUg;nghUs;
Msg;ngw;Ws;sJ. Gwg;ghly;fshf Cu;fs; ,lk;ngWk;NghJ kd;du;fs; murhl;rp nra;fpd;w
Cu;fs;> mtdJ cupikAila Cu;fs;> giftiu ntd;w Cu;fs;> kw;Wk; tuyhw;W
mbg;gilapy; ,lk;ngWk; Cu;fs; vd;Wk;> mfg;ghly;fspy; Gytu;fspd; nrhe;j
Cu;fs;> jiytpf;F ctikahf mike;j Cu;fs;> kw;Wk; Mjupj;j kd;du;fspd;
Cu;fs;> ts;sy;fspd; Cu;fs; vd;W mikfpd;wd.
,ul;ilf; fhg;gpaq;fspy; Cu;g;GidTfs;
rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpd; Mw;Wg;gil E}y;fs;
ehdpy tUzidahf mike;j topapilg;GidTfs; Ciu tUzpj;Jg; Gidtpid tpupj;Jiuf;fpd;wd.
,jidg; gpd;njhlu;e;j ,yf;fpaq;fspy; Fwpg;ghff; fhg;gpaq;fs; Cupidr;
rpj;jpupg;gij Xu; cl;$whfNt nfhz;ld. jz;bahrpupau;> ngUq;fhg;gpa ,yf;fzk;
$Wk;NghJ> ehL> epyk;> nghOJ tUzidfisf; fhg;gpaf; $Wfspy; mlf;Ftu;. ,ul;ilf;
fhg;gpaq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; Cu;g;GidTfis ehl;Lg; GidTfs;> ngUefug; GidTfs;>
topapilg; GidTfs; kw;Wk; rpw;W}u;g; GidTfs; vd;w tifapy; gFj;Jf;
fhz;gjw;fpaYk;.
ehl;Lg; GidTfs;
,ul;ilf; fhg;gpaq;fspy; Nrho>
ghz;ba> Nru ehLfisj; jtpu gjpndl;L ehLfspd; ngau;fs; ntspg;gilahfTk;
Fwpg;ghfTk; vLj;jhsg;gl;Ls;sd. rpyk;gpy;> ehtyk;> jkpo;ehL> Nrho
ehL> ghz;ba ehL> NruehL> nfhq;F ehL> Nfhru; ehL> fq;f ehL fl;b
ehL> FlF> fUelk;> nfhq;fzk;> khStk;> kj;jpk ehL> atdu; tsehL>
Mupa ehL> ,yq;if> mte;jp ehL> tr;rpu ehL Mfpad Fwpf;fg; ngw;Ws;sd.
kzpNkfiyapy; kzpgy;ytj; jPT> ehfehL> rhtf ehL> kfj ehL> fhe;jhu
Njrk;> thuzhrp> Nru ehL> NrhoehL> ghz;ba ehL> Mfpad mikfpd;wd.
kzpNkfiyapy; fij epfoplkhfg; Gfhu; efukhfj; jpfo;tjhy; gpw ehLfs; ahTk; fijj;jiytp
kzpNkfiy nry;yplq;fshfTk;> fij khe;ju;fs; gok;gpwg;gpy; tho;e;j ,lj;jpid(kfj
ehL) czu;j;JKfj;jhDk; gok;gpwg;gpy; rpwg;GilNahu; ,g;gpwg;gpy; vt;tplj;jpy;
gpwe;Js;sdu; vd;gijf; $Wk;NghJk;(ehfGuk;) gazj;jpy; topkhwp ,wq;Fk; ,lkhf(rhtf
ehL)Tk; ehLfs; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd.
ngUefug;
GidTfs;
,Ufhg;gpaq;fspYk; fij epfOk; fsq;fshf
tQ;rp> Gfhu;> kJiu kw;Wk; fhQ;rp
vd;Dk; ehd;F jiyefuq;fs; GidT ngWfpd;wd. rpyg;gjpfhuf; fij>
Nru>Nrho> ghz;bau;fspd; jiyefuq;fshd tQ;rp> Gfhu;> kw;Wk; kJiu Mfpa
,lq;fspy; epfo;tjhf mikf;fg; ngw;Ws;sJ. mtw;Ws; Gfhu;> kJiu ,uz;L efuq;fspd;
ePu; tsk;> epy tsk;> njhopy; tsk;> thzpg tsk; kw;Wk; fiy tsk;
rpwg;Gfis tpupthfg; Gidfpd;whu; Mrpupau; ,sq;Nfhtbfs;.
kzpNkfiy
Mrpupau; rhj;jdhu;> fij epfOk; ,lkhfg; Gfhu; jpfo;tjhy; me;efuj;jpd;
njhd;ikr; rpwg;G> fw;ghy; me;efuk; rpwg;Gjy; kw;Wk; nfhilQu;fs; thOk; Cuhf
tz;zpg;gu;.
Gfhu;
efuk;
rpyg;gjpfhu fhyj;jpy;> Gfhu;
efuk;> kUT+u;g; ghf;fk;> gl;bdg; ghf;fk; vd;Dk; ,UgFjpahf
tpsq;fpAs;sJ. gl;bdg;ghf;fk; cau;Fbapdu;
trpf;Fk; gFjpahfTk; kUT+u;g;ghf;fk; may;Njrj;jtu;> tpspk;Gepiy kf;fs; trpf;Fk; gFjpahfTk; jdpj;jdpf; FbapUg;Gfisr;
rpyk;G Rl;LfpwJ. (,e;jpu. 7-39).
kzpNkfiyf; fhg;gpak; Gfhu; efu
tPjpfisAk; mq;Fs;s Itif tdq;fisAk; mt;tdq;fspy; ciwe;jpUf;Fk; nja;tq;fisAk;
tpuptha;g; NgRfpwJ. NkYk;> muz;kid cl;Gwg; gFjpfs; midj;ijAk; tpsf;FfpwJ.
kzpNkiy fhg;gpa fij KOJk; Gfhu; efuj;jpy; eilngWfpwJ vd;gjhy; mt;T+u; ePjp
gupghydj;jpy; rpwe;j CuhfTk;> fw;gpd; efukhfTk;> ghtk; Nghf;Fk; Gdpjj;
jykhfTk; GidT ngWfpwJ. rhd;Nwhu; epue;j
Cuhjypd; murhl;rp ePjp thOthJ eilngWfpwJ. Gfhu; kd;du;fs; Gwhtpw;fhfj; Jyhk;
GFe;Jk; Md; fd;wpw;fhf Mopapy; jd; kfid ,l;Lk; ,sik ehzp KJik va;jp ciu KbG
fhl;ba nraw;fupa nray;fshYk; ,t;T+u; rpwg;GilaJ. NkYk;> rpyk;gpy; ehf ePs;
efuhFk; NghfePs; kd;Dk; Gfhu; (kq;fy tho;j;J fhij) vd;Wiug;gjhdhYk; mwk; tpsq;Fk;
Cuhfg; Gfhu; tpsq;Fjiyf; fhz;fpd;Nwhk;.
fw;gpd;
efuk;
fhjyu; ,wg;gpd; fidvup nghj;jp
CJiyf; FUfpd; capu;j;J mlq;fhJ
,d;d;apu;
ed;dPu;g; ngh,a;if edpnahUd;
ed;dPu;g; Gf;fhuhapd; vd;gjNdhL
clDiw tho;e;J Nehw;W ld;gLtu;
gj;jpdpg; ngz;bu; gug;G ePu; Qhyj;J
(Cu; myu; ciuj;j fhij.42-48)
Gfhu;
efuj;Jg; goikapid ciuf;Fk;NghJ fw;gpd; efukha;f; fhyk; fhykhfj; njhlu;e;J tUjy;
Mrpupau; typAWj;Jtu;. khUjp tprhif fijapy; tprhifapd; fw;gpd; jpuk; Fwpj;Jk;
kd;du;dpd; mwk; gpwoh tho;f;ifAk; vLj;Jiuf;fg;gLfpd;wd. rpiu nra; fhijapy;
,e;efuj;jpid Mz;l kd;du;fspd; ePjp gupghydKk; ngz;bu; fw;gpd; jpwKk; Nrho; kd;d;Df;F vLj;Jiuf;Fk; Nehf;fpy;
typAWj;jg;gLg;tij czu KbfpuJ. gpwu;
neQ;R Gfhf; fw;G fhg;gpak; KOikAk; Ngrg;gLfpwJ. kzpNkfiy fhyj;jpaf; fw;Gf;
Nfhl;ghl;bid typAWj;Jtijf; fhz;fpd;Nwhk;.
kJiu
efuk;
NfhGuq;fSld; ehd;F thapy;fs;>
gynghwpfisAila Nfhl;il> mfop> fhtw;fhL> fpof;fpy; GwQ;rpiw %J}u;>
gw;wpa Gw mikg;gpid vLj;Jiuj;j Mrpupau; kJiu mf mikg;ghff; fhtw; fzpifau;
tPjp> Mlw;fj;jpau; ,UngU tPjp> mq;fhb tPjp> nghw;fil tPjp>
,uj;jpdf; fil tPjp> mWitf; fil tPjp> $yf;fil tPjp> ehy;tif
tUzj;jhUf;Fk; jdpj;jdpj; njUf;fs;> Ma;r;rpau; FbapUg;Gfs;>
FWe;njUf;fs;> re;jpfs;> KLf;Ffs; Mfpad tpupj;Jiuf;fg; ngw;Ws;sd.
kzpNkfiyf; fhg;gpaj;jpy; kJiu
nghUspl;Lk; efukhf rpj;jpupf;fg;gLfpwJ. Gfhu; efuj;jpy; nghUs; ,oe;Njhu; kJiu
nrd;W thzpgj;jpy; nghUsPl;bAs;sdu;. xOf;fg; gpwothy; gpwe;jtdhff; $wg;gl;lr;
rhypapd; kfd; MGj;jpud; nfhw;ifg; Ng&upy; tho;e;j kf;fspd; Jd;GWj;jYf;F
Mshfpj; jf;fpz kJiuf;Fr; nry;tJ Fwpj;J kzpNkfiy $w;fpd;wJ.
tQ;rp
efuk;
tQ;rp
efuk; ,U fhg;gpaq;fspYk; tPuk; nrwpe;j efukhfNt rpj;jpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. fspW>
Nju;> Fjpiu> gilfSld; fq;if fle;J nrd;W fdf tprau;fis ntd;W mtu;fspd;
jiyapy; fz;zfpf;Fr; rpiy nra;af; fy;iy vLj;Jtur; nra;j nrq;Fl;Ltdpd; cupik
efukhfTk; mofpa efukhfT GidT ngWfpwJ.
topapilg;
GidTfs;
Nfhtyd;
fz;zfp fhtpupG+k;gl;bdj;jpypUe;J kJiu Nehf;fp fTe;jpabfSld; nry;fpd;wdu;.
mtu;fs; nry;Yk; topfshfg; Gfhu; –
jpUtuq;fk;> ciwA+u;-nfhLk;ig> nfhLk;ig-kJiu (3 topfs;) Mfpad
Rl;lg;gLfpd;wd. kJiu jPf;fpiuahd gpd;G fz;zfp epiy njupahJ nrd;w kJiu-neLNts;
Fd;wk;> Nrukd;dd; kiy gsk; fhzr; nrd;w>Nkw;fiu tQ;rp -ePyfpup kw;Wk; NruehL-jq;fhy; vd;Dk; vl;L topfs; GidT
ngw;Ws;sd.
rpw;W}u;g;
GidTfs;
rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy;
Kg;gj;J %d;W rpw;W}u;fs; Rl;lg;gLfpd;wd. ,t;T+u;fs; Cu;r;rpwg;gpid tpsf;Fk;
NghJk; topfis tpsf;f tUk; topapil Cu;g;GidTfshfTk; tuyhw;Wr; nra;jpfisf;
Fwpg;gpLk;NghJk; Cu;fs; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd. fijj;jiytp kzpNkfiy epidj;j ,lj;jpw;F
jdJ ke;jpu typikahy; gwe;J nry;Yk; Mw;wYlikapd; kzpNkfiy fhg;gpaj;jpy;
rpw;W}u;fs; GidT ngwtpy;iy. fij epfOk; Gfhu; efuj;Jr; rpwg;G kl;Lk;
tpje;Njhjg;gLfpwJ.
Cu;r;rpwg;G
nfhilQu;
thOk; Cu;> fiyQd; Cu;> Cupd; jiyik> nrhe;j Ciur; Rl;ly;> nja;tk;
rhu;e;j Cu;> Gdpjj;jykhf Cu;> njhd;ik Cu;> kzk; kyp Cu;> tpoTkyp
Cu; vd;Dkbg;gilapy; Cu;r;rpwg;gpidg; ghFgLj;jw;fpaYk;.
nfhilQu;
thOk; Cu;
tpUr;rpf
Kdptupd; rhgk; ngw;w fharz;biff;F mtsJ fztd;> Gfhu; efur; rpwg;gpid
vLj;Jiuf;Fk;NghJ>
rk;Gj; jPtpDs; jkpof kUq;fpy;
fk;gk; ,y;yh ngUQ; nry;tu;
Mw;wh khf;fl;F Mw;We;Jizahfp
Nehw;Nwhu; ciutNjhu; Nehdfu; (cyfwtp Gf;f
fhij. 61-64)
vd;W $Wthd;.
,t;tbfshy;> ngUQ;nry;tu; ciwAk; gjpkl;Lky;yhJ grpg;gpzp Nghf;Fk; gjpAkhfg;
Gfhu; tpsq;fpaJ vd;gij czuKbfpwJ. NkYk;>
fspg;G khz; nry;tf; fhtw; Ng&u; (Japy; v.fhij. 25)
vd;Dk;
tupahy; nry;tk; cilj;jyhy; fhty;kpFjpAk; ,Ug;gij mwpfpd;Nwhk;.
fiyQd;
Cu;
Cupd;
rpwg;G mt;T+upy; thOk; fiyQuhYk; ntspg;gLk;. nrq;Fl;Ltd; ePyfpupapypUe;J
jiyefu; jpUk;gpa gpd;G giwA+iur; rhu;e;j $j;jr;rhf;ifadpd; Mliyf; fz;L
kfpo;e;jhd; vd;w Fwpg;G eLfw; fhijapy; ,lk; ngWfpwJ. ,jid>
gue;jU
ehy;tif kiwNahd; giwA+u;f;
$j;ju;
rhf;ifad; Mlypy; kfpo;e;J (eLfw;.
76-77)
vd;Dk; mbfs;
Fwpf;fpd;wd.
Cupd; jiyik
kd;ddpd;
cilikg; nghUshf Cu; Rl;lg;gLfpwJ. nrq;Fl;Ltd; kiytsk; fhzr; nry;Yk;NghJ mtdJ
MSiff;Fl;gl;l ePyfpupapd; neLk;Gwj;jpy; ghl; tPL mikj;J jq;fpapUe;jhd;.
,jid>
ghbtPL mikj;Jj; jq;fp (fhy;Nfhs;.
83-85)
vd;Dkb
tpsf;FfpwJ. ghz;baDf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd Cuhff; Fkupak; ngUe;Jiw $wg;gLfpwJ. ,t;tplj;jpy;
Fkupj;Jiwtd; vd;W ghz;bad; jiyik Fwpj;Jf; $Wtjd; %yk; Cu; Rl;lg;gLfpd;wJ.
nrhe;j Ciur;
Rl;ly;
khlyd;
milf;fyf; fhijapy; jd;idf; Nfhtydplj;J mwpKfk; nra;fpd;whd;. mg;NghJ mtdJ
nrhe;j Cuhfj; jiyr;nrq;fhdk; vd;w Cupidf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whd;. jhd; nrhe;j Ciu
xUtu; Fwpg;gjdhYk; Cu;g;ngau; ,lk;ngWtJ mwpag;gLfpwJ.
kzpNkfiyaplk;
Rjkjp jd; tuyhw;wpidf; $Wk;NghJ l;tlehl;by; cs;s me;jzu; epiwe;J thOk; rz;ig
vd;w efupy; gpwe;jts; vd;Wug;ghs;.
ghuh thuhg; gy;tyk; gOepa
fhuhsu; rz;igapw; nfsrpfd; vd;Nghd;
,Ugpwg; ghsd; xUkfs; cs;Nsd;
vd;d;Dkbfspy;
nrhe;j T+u; Fwpf;fg;ngWfpwJ. NkYk; fe;jpw;ghitAk; ,r;nra;jpapidf; Fwpg;gpLtjhf
,t;T+u;
nja;tk;
ciwAk; Cu;
Xu;
CuhdJ mt;T+upy; ciwe;Js;s nja;tk; Rl;bAk; tpsf;fk; ngWfpd;wJ.rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy;
nfhw;if> ntz;Fd;W> Vufk;> nre;jpy;> vd;Dk; ehd;F Cu;fs; ,t;tifapy;
,lk;ngWfpd;wd. nfhw;ifapd; KOKjw; fpoj;jp kJuhgjp vd;W fl;Liu fhijapy;
$Wk;NghJk; Fd;wf; Fuitapy; kfspu; KUfidg; Gfo;e;J guTk; NghJk; Nkw;$wg;ngw;w
jyq;fs; GidT ngWfpd;wd. rpyk;gpy; kJiuapidf; fhf;Fk;flTshf kJuhGupj;
nja;tKk;> kzpNkfiyapy; kzpgy;ytj;jPthdJ kzpNkfyh nja;tj;jpdhYk;> ,uj;jpdj;
jPtfk;(,yq;if) jPtjpyif vd;w nja;tj;jhYk; fhf;fg;gLk; nra;jpapidf;
Fwpg;gpLfpwd.
Gdpjj; jykhf
Cu;
Cupd;
rpwg;Gfspy; xd;whf mjd; Gdpjj;jd;ikiaf; Fwpg;gu;. khly kiwNahd; milf;fyf;
fhij> ePu;g;gilf; fhij Mfpa ,U fhijfspYk; jd; topr; nrytpidg; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whd;.
Fkupak; ngUe;Jiwapy; jhd; ePuhbtpl;Lj; jpUk;Gtjhff; $Wtjd; %yk; Fkupak;
ngUe;Jiw goq;fhyk; Kjy; Gdpj ePuhly; jykhf tpsq;Ftij fhz;fpNwhk;. ,jid>
khjt
Kdptd; kiytyq; nfhz;L Fkupak;
ngUe;Jiw nfhw;ifapw; gbe;J (milf;. 14-15)
vd;Wk;>
khKdp
nghjpapd; kiytyq; nfhz;L Fkupak;
ngUe;Jiw ahb kPs;Ntd; (ePu;g;. 68-69)
vd;Wk;
Fwpg;gjd; %yk; mwpa KbfpwJ. kzpNkfiyapYk; tlehl;by; cs;Nshu; Fkupahl(ghtk;
Nghf;f) tUk; nra;jpfs; ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ.
Fuq;F nra;fly; Fkupak; ngUe;Jiwg;
gue;Jnry; khf;fNshL Njbdd; ngau;Nthd;
(kzp. 37-40)
,t;thW ghtk;
Nghf;f tUNthu; topapy; jq;Fk; Cuhfg; Gfhu; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ.
Cupd;
njhd;ik
Gfhu;
Nrhod; %J}u;> gjpnaO mwpahg; goq;Fb vd;W Rl;lg;gLfpwJ. Cupd; goikiaf; fhl;l
,t;tilfisg; Gytu;fs; rq;f fhye;njhl;L gad;gLj;jp tUfpd;wdu;. Nrhodpd; ciwA+u;
rpyk;gpy; Ie;jplq;fspy; gapYfpd;wJ.
“------------
--------- ------------- jtg;ngUQ; rpwg;gpd; fhTe;jpiaAk; NjtpAq; fztDk; KwQ;nrtp
thuzk; Kd;rk KUf;fpa GwQ;rpiw
thuzk; Gf;fdu; Gupe;njd; (ehLfhz;. 245-248)
vd;Dkbfspy;
fTe;jpabfs; fz;zfp Nfhtyd; ,UtUld; ciwA+u; te;j nra;jp $wg;gLfpwJ. ,g;ghlybapy;
ciwA+u; gkhw;Wg; ngauhf thuzk; Fwpf;fg;ngWfpwJ. thuzk; vd;gjw;Fupa
ngau;f;fhuzKk; $wg;ngWfpwJ. Kwk; Nghd;w nrtpfisAila ahidiag; NghupNy nfLj;j
gf;fj;Nj rpwFfisAila Nfhopapd; ngauike;j efuk; vd;gu;.
,j;jF
ngUkpjKila ciwA+upd; GwQ;Nrupapy; GFe;j fTe;jpabfs; rhuzu; $wpa nkhopfisf;
Nfhtyd; fz;zfpf;F tpupj;Jiuf;fpd;whu;.(fhL1-11) mr;rkak; mg;Gk;nghopypy; ,Ue;j
fhKfDk; guj;ijAk; nrhy;yhbajd; tpisthfr; rhgk; ngw;W eupahf cUkhwp ciwA+u;
fhtw;fhl;by; xJq;fpdu;. %tUk; mUf nja;tj;ij tzq;fpa gpd;du; mf;Nfhapiyr;
rhu;e;j jtg;gs;spapy; ciwfpd;wdu;. ,jid>
fTe;jp
apl;l jte;jU rhgk;
fl;ba
jhfypd; gl;lij awpahu;
FWeup
neLq;Fuw; $tpsp Nfl;L
-----
--------------- -------------- ----------
ciwA+u;
nehr;rp nahUGil nahJq;f (ehLfhz;. 217-245)
vd;w mbfshy;
mwpfpd;Nwhk;. Nkw;fz;ltw;why; ciwA+upy; Nfhl;ilAk; fhtw;fhLk; GwQ;rpiwAk;
epf;fe;jd; gs;spAk; ,Ue;j nra;jp GydhfpwJ.
kzpNkfiyapy;
Gfhu; efur; rpwg;G Rl;Lk;NghJ
kzk;kyp
Cu;
Ciuj;
jiyikAld; ,izj;Jg; Ngrg;gLtJ Nghd;W mt;T+u; kzk; ngw;Wj; jpfo;tjhfTk; GidT
ngWfpwJ. njhd;b vd;Dk; Cupy; cs;Nshu; ,l;l mfpy;> Jfpy;> Muk;>
fUg;G+uk; Kjyhd nghUl;fNshL nfhz;lyhdJ $ly; te;jJ vd;W Mrpupau; Gidtu;.
Cu;fhz;fhijapy; (106-110) ,lk;ngWk; ,r;nra;jp%yk; $lypy; tpw;gdf;F te;j njhz;b
tpisnghUl;fis mwpfpd;Nwhk;.
tpoTkyp
Cu;
topfhl;bfshf
Cu;fs;
rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy;
,lk;ngw;Ws;s Cu;fspy; tlNtq;flk;> cQ;ir> muq;fk;> jpUkhy;Fd;wk;>
nfhLk;ig> neLNts;Fd;wk; vd;Dk; Ie;J Cu;fs; topapilapy; mike;j Cu;fshff;
fhl;lg;gLfpd;wd.
tpQ;irad;
nrd;w topg;GidT
Gfhu; efupy;
eilngwtpUf;Fk; ,e;jputpohtpidf; fhz tpQ;irad; tUk; topahf cQ;ir> tlNtq;flk;
vd;Dk; ,U Cu;fs; Rl;lg;gLfpd;wd. Ntq;flkiy> jkpofj;jpd; tlf;nfy;iyahf
Ntdpw;fhijapy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk;NghJk; khq;fhl;L kiwNahd; jd;id mwpKfk; nra;J
nfhz;L jhd; nry;Yk; Cupidr; Rl;Lk;NghJk; tlNtq;flk; Fwpf;fg;ngWfpwJ. ,jid>
tPq;FePu;
mUtp Ntq;fl nkd;Dk; Xq;Fau;
kiyia Jr;rp kPkpir (fhLfhz;. 41-42)
vd;W
kiwNahd; Ntd;flkiy mUtpfs; epiwe;j kiyahfr; Rl;Ltjd; %yk; mwpfpd;Nwhk;.
cQ;ir
efuk; tpe;jpakiyf;F tlf;Fg;gFjpapy; mike;j mte;jp ehl;bd; jiyefukhFk;. ,t;T+u;
rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; %tplq;fspy; gapYfpd;wJ. tpQ;irad; cQ;ir efiuf; fle;J tpe;jpa
kiy fhLfs; jhz;b Ntq;flkiy tUtjjhfg; GidT mikfpwJ. tlf;Nf ,kakiy njhlq;fp
njw;Nf tlNtq;flk; tiuapyhd Gtpayikg;G Rl;lg;gLfpwJ.
kzpNkfiyapy;
kzpNkfiy nry;Yk; Cu;fs; GidT ngWfpd;wd. topapilg; Gidthf ,J mikatpy;iy.
MGj;jpudpd; jha; rhyp jd; fztDf;Fr; nra;j JNuhfk; fUjp Fkupahl tUk; topapy;
R+y; Kjpu;r;rpAw;Wf; nfhw;ifg; Ng&u; mUNf cs;s madq;NfhL vd;Dk; Cupy;
MGj;jpuid
madq;NfhL vd;Dk; Cu; ,lk; ngWfpwJ.
fz;zfp
nrd;w topg;GidT
fTe;jpabfs;>
Nfhtyd;> fz;zfp %tUk; kJiu Nehf;fpf; fhtpupapd; tlfiu topr; nry;fpd;wdu;.
nry;Yk; topapy; jpUtuq;fj;ij milfpd;wdu;. mt;muq;fk; fhtpupahw;wpd; ,ilapy;
mlu;e;j NrhiyNahL kzk; kpFe;J ,Ue;jJ vd;gJ>
Mw;WtP
auq;fj;J tPw;W tPw;whfp Fuq;fif
cLj;j kuk;gapy; mLf;fj;J thdtu;
ciwAk; G+ehW xUrpid (ehL fhz;.156-158)
vd;w mbfs;
czu;j;jp epw;fpd;wd. khq;fhl;L kiwNahd; ,t;tuq;fj;jpy; jpUkhy; fple;j
Nfhyj;jpy; fhl;rpaspg;ghu; vd;W $Wfpd;whd;. ,jid>
tpupjpiuf;
fhtpup tpad;ngUe; JUj;jp
jpUtku;
khu;gd; fple;j tz;zk; (fhLfhz;. 39-40)
vd;w mbfs;
czu;j;jp epw;fpd;wd. muq;fk; Mw;wpilf;Fiwapy; ,Ue;jik tpad;ngUe; JUj;jp vd;gjd;
%yk; mwpag;gLfpwJ.
Nfhtyd;
fz;zfp kJiuf;Fr; nry;Yk; topapy; nfhLk;ig vd;w Cu; Rl;lg;gLfpwJ.
miwAk;
nghiwAk; mrpil kaf;fk;
epiwePu;
NtypAk; Kiwglf; fple;j,e;
neLk;Ngu;
mj;jk; ePe;jpr; nrd;W
nfhLk;ig
neLq;Fsk; Nfhl;lfk; Gf;fhy; (fhLfhz;.68-71)
vd;Dkbfs;
kiwNahd; $Wtjhf cs;sJ. ciwA+upypUe;J fpsk;gp nfhLk;ghShu; mUNf neLq;Nfhl;lfj;ij
milayhk; vd;W mUk;gjTiufhuu; nghUSiug;gu;. mbahu;f;F ey;yhu;> nfhLk;ig
vd;gjidf; nfhLk;ghShu; vd;Wk; neLq;Fsk; vd;Wk; ,U Cu;fisf; Fwpg;gu;.
nfhLk;ig-nfhLk;ghShu;>
neLq;Fsk; vd;gJk; Cu;g;ngau;.
,itapuz;Lk; ,izg;ngau; ngw;w Cu;fs;. ,f;fhyj;Jk; ,izj;Nj ngau;f;
$wg;gLjy; fhzyhk;.8
vd;gu;.
nfhLk;ghShupypUe;J kJiuf;Fr; nry;Yk;NghJ %d;W topfisg; gw;wp kiwNahd;
Rl;Lk;NghJ jpUkhy; Fd;wk; ,lk;ngWfpwJ. nfhLk;ghShupypUe;J njw;Nf kJiu
mike;jpUe;jJ. njw;Nf nry;Yk; %topapy; fpof;Fg; gf;fj;J topapy; nrd;why; jpUkhy;
Fd;wk; milAk; top cs;sJ vDk;NghJ Cu; ,lk;ngWfpwJ.
tuyhw;Wr;
nra;jpfs;
Ciug;
GidAk;NghJ tuyhw;Wr; nra;jpfs; ,lk;ngWtjd;%yk; Cu;fs; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd.
Nghu;f;fsntw;wp> Ml;rp khw;wk;> epte;jk; mspj;jy;> ngau;f;fhuzk;>
epfo;tpd; njhlu;r;rpiar; Rl;Ljy; vd;Dk; tifapy; Cu; ,lk;ngWjiyg;
ghFgLj;jw;fpaYk;.
Nghu;f;fs
ntw;wp
rpyg;gjpfhuk;
tQ;rpf; fhz;lj;jpy; nrq;Fl;Ltd; ntw;wpngw;w Cu;fshfr; nrq;fsk;> tpaY}u;> Neupthapy;>
,Lk;gpy; kw;Wk; mfg;gh vd;W Ie;J Cu;fs; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd. ePu;gilf; fhijapy;
khlyd; kiwNahd; nrq;Fl;Ltdpd; rpdk; jzpf;f mtdJ Kd;Ndhu; ngw;w ntw;wpNahL mtd;
ngw;w ntw;wpfisAk; Fwpg;gpLk;NghJ Cu;fs; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd.
fwptsu; rpyk;gpw;
JQ;Rk; ahidapd;
rpWFuy;
nea;jy; tpaY}u; vwpe;jgpd;
Mu;Gid
neupay; xd;gJ kd;diu Neupthapy;
epiyr; nrU ntd;W neLe;Nju;j;
jhidnah bLk;gpw; Gwj;jpWj;Jf;
nfhLk;Nghu; fle;J neLq;fl Nyhl;b cld;WNky; te;j Mupa
kd;diuf;
fLk;Gdw;
fq;if Ngu;ahw;W ntd;wha; (eLfw;. 114-121)
vd;w mbfspy;
tpaY}u;> Neupthapy;> ,Lk;gpy; kw;Wk; fq;if Ngupahw;wq;fiu Mfpad Fwpf;fg;ngw;Ws;sd.
nrq;Fl;Ltdpd;
ntw;wpr; rpwg;gpidf; $wte;j kiwNahd; $w;wpy; ,t;T+u;fs; Msg;gl;Ls;sd.
nrq;Fl;Ltd; jd; ikj;Jdd;tstd; fps;spNahL nghUj xd;gJ Nrhoiu Neupthapypy; ntd;w
gpwF gpd; mtu;fis ,Lk;gpy; kPz;Lk; Gwj;jpWf;fpd;whd;. ,q;F ,Lk;gpy; vd;gJ
,Lk;ghtdj;ijf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ. fhl;rpfhijapy;> Nrho> ghz;baiuAk;
FWepykd;du;fisAk; ntd;w nra;jp $wg;gLfpd;wJ. ePyd; vd;Dk; xw;wd; tljpir kd;du;
,kakiy mbthuj;jpy; cs;s FapyhYtj;jpy; mike;j ciknahUghfid tzq;fp ePq;fpdu;
vDk;NghJ Cu; $wg;ngw;Ws;sJ.
Jiztypaha;r;
Nrhokd;dd;
kzPNkfiyapy;KRFe;jd; vd;w Nrho kd;dd;
,e;juDf;F cw;Wop cjtp nra;J mkuhgjpiaf; fhj;jNghJ mRuu; ,Us;fzpapid Vtp
Nrhodpd; fz;iz kiwj;jdu;. mr;rkak; mt;tpUs; fizapidg;Nghf;fp xU G+jk; fhj;j
nra;jp Fwpf;fg;gLk;NghJ mkuu;fspd; NjNte;jpu cyfk; $wg;gLfpwJ.
Ml;rp
khw;wk;
rpyk;gpy;>
ghz;bad; neLQ;nropad; kiwtpw;Fg; gpd;du; mg;ghz;ba ehl;bd; muRupikiaf;
nfhw;ifapy; ,Ue;j ntw;wpNtw; nropad; ngw;whd; vd;W ciungW fl;Liuapy; Fwpf;fg;
ngWfpwJ. ePu;g;gL fhijapy; ,r;nra;jpapid> khlyd; nrq;Fl;LtDf;F $Wfpd;w NghJ
,lk; ngWfpwJ. kJiuapy; ghz;bad; neLq;nropad; ,wg;Gf;Fg;gpd; ele;j murpay; epfo;Tfis tptupf;Fk;NghJ
nfhw;if ,lk;ngWfpwJ. nfhw;if ,sturd; ntw;wpNtw; nropad; kJiu te;J
Ml;rpf;fl;bypy; Vwpa nra;jpapidr; nrq;Fl;LtDf;F topg;gazp $Wtjhfg;
gilj;Js;shu;. kzpNkfiyapy;
epte;jkhf
Cu;
rpyk;gpd;
fl;Liu fhijapy;> ghz;ba kd;dd; epte;jkhfj; jq;fhy;> taY}u; vd;Dk;
Cu;fisj; jhdkhf thu;j;jpfd; vd;Dk; ghu;g;gDf;F ghtk; Nghf;f nfhLf;fpd;whd;.
,jd>
jlk;Gdw;
fodpj; jq;fhy; jd;Dld; klq;fh
tpisAs; taY}u; ey;fp (fl;Liu. 118-119)
vd;w mbfs;
czu;j;jp epw;Fk;. kJuhGupj; nja;tk; ghz;ba kd;ddpd; nrq;Nfhy; rpwg;gpid
tpsf;Fkplj;J ,t;tpU Cu;fSk; ,lk;ngwyhapd.
fly;Nfhs;
Cu;fs;
rpyg;gjpfhuk;>
Gfhu;> FkupNfhL vd;DkpU Cu;fs; fly;Nfhshy; mope;j nra;jpapidf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
kq;fytho;j;Jg; ghlypy; fhye;NjhWk; ePSfpd;w Gfohd; kl;Lk; vd;nwd;Wk; eLf;fpd;wp
epiyngWfpd;w Gfhu; efuk; vd;gJ tUzid. ehfu; efUlDk; ehfdhljndhLk; xUjd;ikj;jha;
vd;wJ ,t;Tyfpy; fhzg;glhj mt;tpuz;L efuq;fisAk; Nghd;W ,yf;fpaq;fspy; kl;Lk;
,Uf;fpd;wJ vd;W ciu vOjpr; nry;tu;.9 (g.41_
fhLfhz;
fhijapy; khq;fhl;L kiwNahd; ghz;bad; Gfopidf; $Wk;NghJ Fkupf;Nfhl;il nfhLq;fly;
nfhz;lJ vd;gu;.
g/Wsp
ahw;Wld; gd;kiy mLf;fj;Jf; Fkupf;NfhLk;
nfhLq;fly; nfhs;s fhLfhz;. 19 – 20
)
vd;w mbfspy;
Fkupf;NfhL fly;Nfhshy; mope;j nra;jp ,lk;ngWfpwJ. jpUtpjq;NfhL> mjq;NfhL>
tpstq;NfhL vd;gJ Nghd;W FkupNfhLk; Cupd; ngauhFk;. fhtpupg;G+k;gl;bdk;
fly;Nfhshy; mopag;NghFk; nra;jpapid kzpNkfiyf;F jPtfj; njtk; ciug;gjhf kzpNkfiy
fhQ;rp khefupy; rhuzu; thapyhf mwpfpd;whs;.
,r;nra;jpid kzpgy;ytj; jPtpw;Fr; nry;Yk; kzpNkfiyaplk; jPtjpyif>
kltuy; ey;yhs; epd;wd; khefu;
fly;taW Gf;fJ fhuzk; Nfsha;
vd;W $Wk;
nra;jpahy; mwpfpd;Nwhk;. ,e;jpuDf;F tpoh vLj;jiy kwj;jyhy; ,t;T+u; mopjikf;fhd
fhuzkhf mj;nja;tk; $Wfpd;wJ.
gok;gpwg;G
Cu;fs;
rpyg;gjpfhuf;
fhyfl;lj;jpy; kf;fspilNa co;tpid ek;gpf;if ,Ue;J te;Js;sJ. Nfhtyd; ,wg;gpw;F
Co;tpidiaf; fhl;Lk; Mrpupau; Nfhtyd; Kw;gpwg;gpy; maw;Gy Cupy; tho;e;jjhff;
$Wfpwhu;.
fbnghopy;
cLj;j fypq;f ed;dhl;L tbNtw;
jlf;if tRTk; FkuDk; jPk;Gdw;
godr; rpq;f Guj;jpDk; fhk;ngO
fhdf; fgpy Guj;jpDk; (fl;Liu.128-131)
vd;Dkbfspy;
fypq;f ehl;bd; fgpyGuk;> rpq;fGuk; vd;Dk; Cu;fspy; KiwNa FkuDk; tRTk; Ml;rp
Gupe;j nra;jp $wg;gLfpwJ. rpq;fGuj;jpd; muR mYtyuhff; Nfhtyd; gzpahw;wpajhf
Mrpupau; ciuf;fpd;whu;. ,t;thW rpq;fGuk;> fgpyGuk; vd;Dk; ,U maw;Gy Cu;fs;
,lk;ngWfpd;wd. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpid xl;bNa rhj;jdhu; jUk; fhg;gpaj;jpYk;
kzpNkfiyf;F fz;zfpapd; gok;gpwg;gpid czu;j;JKfdhf ,t;tpU Cu;fSk; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd.
,dpa
ePu;tsKila fodpfisAila kUjg; gug;gpd;fz; cs;s rpq;fGuk; vd;Dk; efuj;jpDk;
%q;fpy; tsUfpd;w fhl;bidAila Ky;iyepyj;jpy; mike;j fgpyGuk; vd;Dk; efuj;jpDk;
,Ue;J Ms;fpd;w tRTk; FkuDk; vd;gJ GidTr; nra;jp. ,g;Gidtpy; rpq;fGuk; tsikAila
nry;tr; nropg;gpw;Ff; fhuzkhd kUjepyj;ij cilajhfr; rpwg;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ. Cupidg;
GidAk; NghJ Xu; Cupid tskpf;f kUj epy CuhfTk; kw;nwhU Cupid %q;fpy; epiwe;j
CuhfTk; rpj;jpupf;fpd;whu;. rpq;GukhdJ rhj;jdhu; $Wk; gok;gpwg;Gf; fhijapYk; ‘rpq;fh
tz;Gfo;r; rpq;fGuk;’
(gjp.47) vd;W Fwpf;fg; ngWfpwJ. kzpNkfiyapy; Rjkjpapd; gok;gpwg;gpid
vLj;Jiuf;Fk;NghJ mNrhju efu kd;dd; ,utptu;kd; ,uhrkhNjtp mKjgjpf;Fk; gpwe;j
kfSk; fr;ra efuj;jpd; murd; Jr;radpd; kidtp tPiu tspd; rNfhjupfshfj;
jhiu(khjtp) ,yf;Fkp(kzpNkfiy) vd;Wk; $wg;gLfpwJ(ke;jpuk; nfhLj;j fhij.
50-54). rpq;fGuk;> fgpy Guk;>
vd;Dk; ,t;tpU Cu;fSld; tlf;FNjrq;fshd fhQ;rdGuk;> thuzhrp> mNrhjuk;>
rz;ig efuk;> ehfGuk;> G+UtNjak; Mfpa ngUefuq;fSk; gok;gpwg;gpid czu;j;JKfdhf
tUfpd;wd.
kzpNkfiyapy;
fharz;bifapd; nrhe;jT+uhf tlehl;by; cs;s tpj;jpahju;fs; thOk; Cuhfpa fhQ;rdGuk;
,lk;ngWfpwJ. fharz;bif Gfhu; efuj;jpy; ,e;jputpoh fhz tUk;NghJ rhgk;ngw;W
fharz;bifahf cUg;ngw;W Gfhu; efu tPjpfspy; tyk; tUfpwhs;. mtspd; tuyhW
kdpNkfiyf;Fj; njuptpf;Fk;NghJ mtspd; Cu; Rl;lg;gLfpwJ.
kzpNkfiyapy;
MGj;jpudpd; gpwg;G tuyhW $wg;gLk;NghJ thuzhrp ,lk;ngWfpwJ. mt;T+upy; thOk;
mgQ;rpfd; vd;gtdpd; kidtp rhyp vd;ghs; jd; fztDf;Fj; JNuhfk; nra;jhs;.
mg;ghtj;jpypUe;J tpLglTk; jz;lidapypUe;J jg;gpf;fTk; Fkupahl tUfpd;whs;.
xg;Gikahf
Cu;
je;ij Vtpa
gzptpiliar; nra;jNy cWjpg;nghUs; vd;W Jzpe;J kidf;fpoj;jpAlDk; ,isatDlDk;
nry;Yjw;fupa fhl;bd;fz; nrd;w ,uhkidg; gpupe;j mNahj;jp Nghd;W Gfhu; efuk;
ngupJk; ftiyAw;wJ Nghyf; Nfhtyidg; gpupe;j Gfhu; efuk; JaWw;wJ vd;W ,U efuq;fs;
xg;Gikahf ,lk;ngWfpwJ. kzpNkfiyapy; rhj;jdhu;> NjtNyhfj;jpy; ,e;jpud; Kjyhd
Njtu;fs; Gfhupy; eilngWk; tpohtpy; gq;F nfhs;s tUtjhf ciuf;Fk; NghJ Gfhu;
efuKk; NjtNyhfKk; xg;gplg;gLk; tpjkhf ,t;tpU Cu;fSk; ,lk; ngWfpd;wd. kd;dd;
fupfhy; tstd; ePq;fpa ehs; ,e;efu; Nghy;tNjhu; ,ay;ghdjhfp njhd;dfu; te;Njha;
NghJt nrd;W njhd;dpiy czu;e;Njhu; JiznahL (tpohtiw fhij. 39-42) vd;Dkbfs;
tpsf;Ffpd;wd.
gpw
fz;zfp
kJiuia vupj;j gpd;du; mq;fpUe;J ntspNawp itia fiuapd; xUGwkhf Nkw;F Nehf;fpr;
nrd;W neLNts; Fd;wk; vd;w Cu;(fl;Liu.185-190)
te;jiltJk;
tue;jUfhijapy; khly kiwNahd; Njte;jpapd; tuyhw;iwf; $Wk;NghJ fhg;gpaj; njhy;Fb
vd;Dk; CUk; Rl;lg;gLfpd;wd. ,t;T+u; jw;NghJ ehif khtl;lj;jpy; rPu;fhopf;F
mUfpy; cs;sJ.
njhFg;Giu
,aw;ifapd;
cWg;ghf tho;e;j kdpjdpd; $l;L tho;f;ifr; rpe;jid Cuhfg; gupzkpj;jJ. rq;fg;Gytu;fs; ,UifNfhspYk; Ciug; Gide;Js;sdu;. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; 17 ehLfs;> 3 ngU efuq;fs;>
33 rpw;W}u;fs; NeubahfTk; kiwKfkhfTk; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd. kzpNkfiyapy; 5 ehLfs; 5
efuq;fs; 5 rpw;W}u;fs; GidT ngWfpd;wd.
rpyk;gpy;>
Nrhoefuk; GfhUk; ghz;ba efuk; kJiuAk; tpupthfg; Ngrpa Mrpupau; tQ;rp efu
mikg;gpidr; Rl;ltpy;iy. kzpNkfiy Gfhu;
efu khe;ju;fspd; kdNthl;lj;jpidf; $w tpiotjhy; Gfhu; efu thoplq;fs;
Nfhapy;fspd; ,Ug;G Mf;fpad tpje;Njhjg;gl;Ls;sd. fw;gpd; efukhfTk; tlehl;by;
cs;s fw;Gilg;ngz;bu; kWgpwg;gpy; gpwf;FkplkhfTk; Gfhu; Rl;lg;gLtjdhy; fw;gik
efukhfr; rpj;jpupf;Fk; Gytupd; GidT Nehf;fk; Gyg;gLfpwJ. NkYk;> ePjp tOthj
muru;fs; mwk; fhf;Fk; CuhfTk; GidT ngWfpwJ.
rpw;W}u;g; GidTfs;
mt;T+upd; rpwg;G> topfhl;Ljy;> kw;Wk; tuyhw;Wr; nra;jpapidf;
$WKfj;jhd; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd
rhd;whjhuq;fs;
1> rh.
,uNk\;> rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; Cu;g;GidTfs;> Kidtu; gl;l Ma;NtL> mofg;gh
gy;fiyf; fofk;> fhiuf;Fb> nrg;lk;gu; 2000.
2.
,sk;G+uzu; (c.M)> njhy;fhg;gpak;> vOj;jjpfhuk;> fof ntspapL>
nrd;id> Kjw;gjpg;G> 1985 g. .
4. NkyJ>
g.
5.
Nrdhtiuau; (c.M)> njhy;fhg;gpak;> nrhy;yjpfhuk;> fof ntspapL>
nrd;id> Kjw;gjpg;G> 1985 g.
6. NkyJ>
g-
7.
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